91b6df9f-91a7-4731-a54e-e0c6c03ff42e Kosovo CIA World Factbook Country Overview Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Serbs Kosovo Police Kosovo Government Watch Stage 3: Discrimination, Stage 6: Polarization Details During the Kosovo war from 1995 to 1999, Serbian forces and militias used genocidal massacres of ethnic Albanians as a terror tactic. The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), an ethnic Albanian paramilitary organization, also committed war crimes and crimes against humanity against ethnic Serbs in Kosovo. In 2008, the Republic of Kosovo declared independence. Today, Serbia does not recognize Kosovo's independence and tension between the countries remains high. Kosovo police continue to unfairly target ethnic Serbs in Kosovo. Ethnic violence in its northern municpalities and rhetoric from government leaders has further fueled tensions between Kosovo and Serbia. Read Report Resources How did Kosovo become a country? Freedom House: Kosovo, 2020 Relaunching the Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue Page last updated: 05/02/2025

9b6d8923-91dd-48e4-86c4-c034828c4490 Nagorno-Karabakh/Artsakh BBC Research Country Overview Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Armenians Azerbaijani Government and Armed Forces Warning Stage 4: Dehumanization, Stage 7: Preparation, Stage 8: Persecution, and Stage 10: Denial Details Azerbaijan has invaded the rightful territory of the unrecognized Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh or Artsakh and is attempting to erase Armenian presence in the occupied territories. Read Report Resources Armenians flee Nagorno-Karabakh after brutal war with Azerbaijan: ‘This will not break us’ Armenia-Azerbaijan: Why did Nagorno-Karabakh spark a conflict? Armenia and Azerbaijan: What Sparked War and Will Peace Prevail? Page last updated: 10/20/2022

United Kingdom Country Overview © World Atlas Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants Muslims and Jewish people Trans people Gypsies, Roma and Travellers UK government Far-right politicians Watch Stage 3: Discrimination, Stage 4: Dehumanization, Stage 6: Polarization Details Since 2010, the U.K. has become increasingly hostile to minorities, with the government and far-right parties demonizing refugees, immigrants, and the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (GRT) community. GRT people face high levels of normalized racism and discrimination. The government has now passed a law that not only cracks down on protests but also criminalizes aspects of many GRT people's nomadic identity and way of life. Additionally, the government has made multiple attacks on the rights and safety of refugees, including by signing a deal with Rwanda to offshore asylum processes for refugees considered "illegal." In the 2010s, the policy to create a "hostile environment" for "illegal" immigration caused damage for many people originally from the Caribbean in the Windrush Scandal. The U.K. has also seen high levels of transphobia in the media and political discourses, making life less safe for trans people. Meanwhile, Northern Ireland's peace process and recovery from "The Troubles" has been threatened by the U.K.'s exit from the European Union. Read Report Page last updated: 04/24/2026 Resources Europe’s Problem With The Roma | Al Jazeera + How the UK’s plan to send asylum seekers to Rwanda is 21st-century imperialism writ large | Parvati Nair, The Conversation UK Traveller communities fear ‘cultural annihilation’ over upcoming trespass laws | Blyth Brentnall, openDemocracy

Tajikistan Country Overview World Atlas Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Pamirs Journalists and activists Government opposition Kyrgyz Regime of Emomali Rahmon Tajik military Warning Stage 6: Polarization, Stage 8: Persecution Details Violent clashes along the contested border between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan were reported in April 2021. Tajik and Kyrgyz mobs attacked one another and destroyed each other's property. Tajik military reportedly used mortars and attack helicopters on Kyrgyz civilians. Tensions between Tajikistan and neighboring Kyrgyzstan erupted again along the contested border in September 2022, resulting in the deaths of over 100 civilians and the internal displacement of 140,000 others. In May 2022 in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, which comprises nearly half the country’s land area, Tajik military forces killed at least 25 protesters from the Pamir minority, a group which has faced years of oppression and state violence from the regime of Emomali Rahmon. Read Report Page last updated: 10/31/2022 Resources Relatives Of Victims Of Tajik Police Crackdown Still Waiting For Answers Tajikistan: Escalating Tensions And Crackdown On Human Rights Defenders And Journalists – Analysis Tempers flaring as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan come to deadly blows