Kashmir Country Overview © United Nations Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) In Pakistan-administered Kashmir: Political activists and advocates for autonomy or self-determination (especially in Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir) Religious minorities (especially Ahmadis and Shia Muslims) Journalists and rights defenders Indigenous communities in Gilgit-Baltistan In Pakistan-administered Kashmir: Pakistani federal authorities and security forces Pakistani intelligence agencies Pakistani-appointed officials (especially in Gilgit-Baltistan) Allied private entities (involved in land acquisition linked to CPEC) Alert Stage 3: Discrimination, Stage 5: Organization, Stage 8: Persecution Details Pakistan-administered Kashmir: Since the 1947 partition, Pakistan-administered Kashmir has experienced systemic repression under tight federal control. Political activists, journalists, and human rights defenders face arbitrary arrests, enforced disappearances, and anti-terror charges for advocating autonomy or exposing abuses. Religious minorities, particularly Ahmadis and Shia Muslims, suffer from targeted violence, discriminatory laws, and state-backed persecution. In Gilgit-Baltistan, indigenous communities are forcibly displaced for CPEC-related projects, often without compensation. Media and civil society operate under severe restrictions, with dissent criminalized and self-determination movements harshly suppressed. Read Report Page last updated: 07/24/2025 Resources Why Kashmir is a focal point of India-Pakistan conflicts | REUTERS Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Kashmir: Developments in the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir from June 2016 to April 2018, and General Human Rights Concerns in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan Freedom in the World 2024: Pakistani Kashmir

91b6df9f-91a7-4731-a54e-e0c6c03ff42e Kosovo CIA World Factbook Country Overview Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Serbs Kosovo Police Kosovo Government Watch Stage 3: Discrimination, Stage 6: Polarization Details During the Kosovo war from 1995 to 1999, Serbian forces and militias used genocidal massacres of ethnic Albanians as a terror tactic. The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), an ethnic Albanian paramilitary organization, also committed war crimes and crimes against humanity against ethnic Serbs in Kosovo. In 2008, the Republic of Kosovo declared independence. Today, Serbia does not recognize Kosovo's independence and tension between the countries remains high. Kosovo police continue to unfairly target ethnic Serbs in Kosovo. Ethnic violence in its northern municpalities and rhetoric from government leaders has further fueled tensions between Kosovo and Serbia. Read Report Resources How did Kosovo become a country? Freedom House: Kosovo, 2020 Relaunching the Kosovo-Serbia Dialogue Page last updated: 05/02/2025

668ea478-f49f-45df-93d0-4e1b4f87204c Serbia UN Dispatch Country Overview Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Bosnian Muslims Kosovo Albanians Serbian Government Republika Srpska Watch Stage 6: Polarization, Stage 10: Denial Details Serbians were victims of genocide during the Second World War at the hands of the Ustaše. More recently, Serbians themselves perpetrated genocides and mass killings against Croatians, Bosnian Muslims, and Kosovo Albanians during the Balkan Wars of the 1990s. In 2025, political tensions with Kosovo are at a renewed high and Serbia still does not recognize Kosovo as an independent state. The Republika Srpska has also threatened to separate from the greater Bosnia. This could potentially reignite violence in the region and violates the Dayton Accords of 1995. Read Report Resources 25 years after Srebrenica massacre, genocide-denial lives on - BBC News Bosnia is on the Brink of Political Disintegration Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo Page last updated: 05/02/2025

Estonia Country Overview Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Details Read Report Page last updated: Resources

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Bangladesh Country Overview CIA World Factbook Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Jummas (Ethnic and indigenous peoples of the Chittagong Hill tracts) Dalits Journalists and activists Bangladesh government Warning Stage 3: Discrimination, Stage 5: Organization, Stage 8: Persecution, Stage 10: Denial Details Bangladesh experienced genocide in 1971. While the Bangladesh International Crimes Tribunal continue to issue judgements the genocide still lacks recognition worldwide. Today, Bangladesh faces issues of government restrictions freedom of expression online, targeting critical voices. There also have been reports of torture, ill-treatment and enforced disappearances by law enforcement officials. Dalits face discrimination, vulnerability, and stigmatization. Further, the Bangladesh government continues the persecution of ethnic and indigenous groups in the Chittagong Hills Tract. Read Report Page last updated: 11/17/2021 Resources Bangladesh indigenous ban 'worse than aparthied' - Al Jazeera The 'forgotten' 1971 genocide in Bangladesh International Dalit Solidarity Network - Bangladesh

Moldova Country Overview https://user.iiasa.ac.at/~marek/fbook/04/print/md.html Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Roma Women Moldovan Government Moldovan Police Country Report Stage 1: Classification, Stage 3: Discrimination Details Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Republic of Moldova has continued to experience authoritarian influence and weak rule of law. Most recently, from 2015 to 2019, the oligarch Vlad Plahotniuc effectively controlled Moldova and entrenched a system of corruption and oppression towards opposition figures . Despite the election of the more democratic Party of Action and Solidary (PAS) to power in 2021, Moldova struggles with notable human rights issues, including torture, prevalent domestic violence, and discrimination against the country’s Roma minority. Read Report Page last updated: 7/31/2026 Resources ECRI report on the Republic of Moldova Country Gender Profile, Republic of Moldova

ac31f77d-f81e-4cde-ab14-2492549bc271 United Kingdom © World Atlas Country Overview Targeted Groups Perpetrators Alert Status Genocide Stage(s) Refugees, asylum seekers, and immigrants Muslims and Jewish people Trans people Gypsies, Roma and Travellers UK government Far-right politicians Watch Stage 3: Discrimination, Stage 4: Dehumanization, Stage 6: Polarization Details Since 2010, the U.K. has become increasingly hostile to minorities, with the government and far-right parties demonizing refugees, immigrants, and the Gypsy, Roma and Traveller (GRT) community. GRT people face high levels of normalized racism and discrimination. The government has now passed a law that not only cracks down on protests but also criminalizes aspects of many GRT people's nomadic identity and way of life. Additionally, the government has made multiple attacks on the rights and safety of refugees, including by signing a deal with Rwanda to offshore asylum processes for refugees considered "illegal." In the 2010s, the policy to create a "hostile environment" for "illegal" immigration caused damage for many people originally from the Caribbean in the Windrush Scandal. The U.K. has also seen high levels of transphobia in the media and political discourses, making life less safe for trans people. Meanwhile, Northern Ireland's peace process and recovery from "The Troubles" has been threatened by the U.K.'s exit from the European Union. Read Report Resources Europe’s Problem With The Roma | Al Jazeera + How the UK’s plan to send asylum seekers to Rwanda is 21st-century imperialism writ large | Parvati Nair, The Conversation UK Traveller communities fear ‘cultural annihilation’ over upcoming trespass laws | Blyth Brentnall, openDemocracy Page last updated: 04/24/2026